Ethnonyms: Bai Miao, H'mong, Man Trang, Meo, Meau, Miao, Mieu Toc, MongCountries inhabited: China, Lao PDR, Thailand, Vietnam, USA, Australia, Burma (Myanmar)Language family: Sino-TibetanLanguage branch: Miao-Yao
The Hmong are featured in our documentary, Indigenous Peoples of Southeast Asia.
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The Hmong are as fascinating as any of the people I have worked with. The diversity of their dialects, culture and migration is a testament to human ingenuity. As is their tenacity to tradition, alongside their adaptation to the modern world. Musical instrument making is highly developed and widely practiced in Hmong society. Although, as the photo of the young girl below demonstrates, leaves make a natural musical instrument for the Hmong.
Noted most among their many crafts, their embroidery is stunning. The Hmong are among few people left in the world who, for the most part, still make their own clothes. Even if they buy the yarn at a local market, they still typically weave and embroider the fabric themselves. Many Hmong, though, still cultivate and dye, using local indigo plants, the cotton and hemp from which they make their clothing. From newborns to the recently deceased, the Hmong are dressed in finery.
Other noteworthy crafts include the silversmithing and bronze making of jewelry. Indeed, silver acts as a bona fide currency for them.
The Hmong probably originated in China, although some scholars have suggested that they may have entered China originally from Tibet, Siberia or Mongolia. In any case, their ancestry goes back many centuries. Yet, many of their customs survive to this day. Persecuted and marginalized for most of their history at the hands of Chinese feudalists, they began migrating from China about two hundred years ago. That migration has recently taken hundreds to the United States and Australia as refugees from the Lao People's Democratic Republic following the end of the American war in Vietnam and the liberation of the Lao PDR by the former Soviet Union. Among the religious influences from the Chinese on Hmong spiritual traditions are practices and customs borrowed from Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism.
Likewise, the Hmong, who are noted for their extensive indigenous knowledge of the natural world, brought with them from China expertise in the practice of herbal medicine. Although knowledge of herbalism is fading, I met one old Hmong man in northwestern Vietnam who claimed to be the most expert herbalist of all the villagers in the area — Hmong and many other groups.
The Hmong are a patrilineal and patriarchal society, in which men are customarily considered superior to women, and are therefore the rulers and decision makers in any household. There are twelve lineages, the major of which are named: Giang, Lu, Ly, Sung, Tan, Thao, Then, Trang and Vang. Family ties are particularly strong within each lineage — even across the international boundaries over which they have emigrated. Although the Hmong do not tolerate marriage within the same lineage, in former times cross-cousins were often married by arrangement. In contrast to many societies found in this part of the world, the Hmong also forbid marriage outside one's own generation.
Marriage itself is a custom undergoing change. Where polygamy was once common, monogamy is now the norm. The custom (called levirate) of a widow marrying her dead husband's younger brother (even if he already has one or more wives) is disappearing. Also less commonly practiced now is marriage-by-kidnap. Hard as it may be for us to imagine, this involves a man, and his male cohorts, literally kidnapping the woman he wishes to marry if she has refused marriage voluntarily. A few days later her family is informed of her kidnap and then, according to tradition, they must give their consent to marriage. I was personally told of a young Hmong girl in northwestern Vietnam who had recently committed suicide because she did not want the new husband she had been forced to marry.
Another changing aspect of Hmong tradition is their form of income. Traditionally farmers of rice and corn, vegetables and opium poppy, they are now to be seen in areas that have opened up to tourism selling their handicrafts. Nowhere is this more prevalent than in the small town of Sa Pa in northwestern Vietnam. Originally established by French colonialists as a hill station, the town looks and feels more like the Alps than Southeast Asia.
It has seen a rapid rise in tourism since the mid-1990's. These days, the streets swarm with Hmong girls as young as seven selling their wares to tourists. These girls are striking in their ability to pick up English with no formal education — their English often surpassing their ability in Vietnamese. One of my guides into the outlying villages, a Hmong girl of just fifteen, had taught herself to speak, read and write English despite having dropped out of school at a young age.
The Hmong in Vietnam face as much challenge to their culture as they do in any other country. With fifty-three minority ethnic groups inhabiting that country (this is the government's official number), in addition to the majority ethnic Viet, government policy toward ethnic minorities is one of assimilation. While some commentators have labelled it "Vietnamization," it means that the Hmong and others are encouraged to integrate into mainstream Vietnamese society.
One result of this policy is that all state-run schools use the Vietnamese language with educational materials developed for, and therefore culturally biased toward, its majority Viet population. In northern Vietnam I came across this school, whose motto appeared, quite literally, to be "spare the rod and spoil the child." These children looked more like they were in a military academy than in the early grade years.
Many of the older generations of minority peoples in this area — including the Hmong — never went to school themselves, and so they have no understanding of the potential value of education. That, coupled with their very labor-intensive farming practices, means that many of these students' peers either aren't sent to school or attend so sporadically that it benefits them little.
Their Hmong cousins in Thailand, by contrast, benefit from a relatively higher standard of living and greater access to education. It was during a school vacation that I came across these Hmong children in a village in that country. Shy at first, the young girl pictured above became a natural model within a few minutes and the boys in her village were so engrossed in their playing, I don't think they noticed me at all.
The Hmong are featured in our documentary, Indigenous Peoples of Southeast Asia. Click or tap the image below to watch it on our YouTube channel in full HD (1920x1080p) at 60 fps. Notes for teachers are also available.
Photography copyright © 1999 - 2024, Ray Waddington. All rights reserved.Text copyright © 1999 - 2024, The Peoples of the World Foundation. All rights reserved.
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Citation and References
Waddington, R. (2002, revised edition 2023), The Indigenous Hmong People. The Peoples of the World Foundation. Retrieved September 10, 2024, from The Peoples of the World Foundation.<https://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Hmong>
Web LinksHmong Studies JournalHmong American PartnershipThe Tragedy of the HmongBooksS. Chan, ed. (1994) Hmong Means Free: Life, Laos and Asian American History and Culture. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.FilmsGran Torino (2008)
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